Maria Lisa Polegatto - February 2024
Rhubarb in my garden.
I have a lot of passion about the topic of food. I grew up in the country, love being in nature and growing a garden has always provided me with a sense of freedom and connection to the earth. Food is not just tasty; it is an essential human requirement. However, it is also a global concern in the processes of production to consumption.
Definitions. First, a few definitions to assist in reading this post.
Food Issues. Reading the articles and watching the videos mentioned herein align with my beliefs and provided some new insight and ideas. We need to keep an open mind when learning and understand profits play a big role in society, even over the health of society. Food is no different when it comes to profits.
We have seen prices of food rise repeatedly while corporations get richer at the cost of health, welfare, poverty, and hunger of the masses. Have you looked around and seen more dis-ease in the world? In Canada, the current food system has a high level of “diet-related” illness such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes along with child obesity (Orrego, 2011). Junk food is one cause due to the ingredients that are not natural to our bodies (Orrego, 2011). While I do shop at the grocery store, I also have an inside garden in the winter and an outside garden in the summer. I have much to learn but I am taking it step by step and learning in the process.
Populations are trapped in the illusion the food system successfully yields large amounts of food and transports it quickly globally (Orrego, 2011). In this illusion of food choices the top ten (10) global producers of food (Good Stuff, n.d.), have no incentive to assist us in growing our own food which takes profits out of their coffers but can put lesser nutrition in our bodies.
- Community Food Security is defined as “a condition in which all community residents obtain a safe, culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate diet through a sustainable food system that maximizes community self-reliance and social justice” (Siddique, n.d.).ii Food Citizenship is defined as “the practice of engaging in food-related behaviors (defined narrowly and broadly) that support, rather than threaten, the development of a democratic, socially and economically just, and environmentally sustainable food system” (Orrego, 2011).
- Food Security “exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (Orrego, 2011).
- Food Sovereignty is defined as “the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods” (Orrego, 2011).
- Oikonomia meaning the “art of living” (Shiva, 2013).
- Oikos meaning to “return to its home” (Shiva, 2013).
Food Issues. Reading the articles and watching the videos mentioned herein align with my beliefs and provided some new insight and ideas. We need to keep an open mind when learning and understand profits play a big role in society, even over the health of society. Food is no different when it comes to profits.
We have seen prices of food rise repeatedly while corporations get richer at the cost of health, welfare, poverty, and hunger of the masses. Have you looked around and seen more dis-ease in the world? In Canada, the current food system has a high level of “diet-related” illness such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes along with child obesity (Orrego, 2011). Junk food is one cause due to the ingredients that are not natural to our bodies (Orrego, 2011). While I do shop at the grocery store, I also have an inside garden in the winter and an outside garden in the summer. I have much to learn but I am taking it step by step and learning in the process.
Populations are trapped in the illusion the food system successfully yields large amounts of food and transports it quickly globally (Orrego, 2011). In this illusion of food choices the top ten (10) global producers of food (Good Stuff, n.d.), have no incentive to assist us in growing our own food which takes profits out of their coffers but can put lesser nutrition in our bodies.
Illusions of Choice (Good Stuff, n.d.)
Dr. Vandana Shiva clearly understands we are a part of nature (TEDX Talks, 2012) not nature’s masters and owners (Shiva, 2013), and we need to protect it for our own survival (TEDX Talks, 2012). She further suggests the problem is not in protecting nature but rather in the loss of profits in doing so (TEDX Talks, 2012). Nature and humanity are made up of the “same five elements – earth, water, fire, air, and space (Shiva, 2013). We need to reconnect with nature instead of separate from it to see the interconnectedness of the natural world and us in it to understand the “language of nature is the eternal language of creation (Shiva, 2013).
There are people dying everyday from hunger and farmers who commit suicide due to the current state of agriculture while governments provide subsides to those who are poisoning the soil we grow our food in (TEDX Talks, 2012). Nature is alive and we need to replace what we take from it instead of destroying it (TEDX Talks, 2012). Instead of importing fake hope and fake food that can trick consumers, it will not trick our bodies that crave nutrition (TEDX Talks, 2012). We need to stop the dispersal of seeds that kill nature’s ability to regrow (TEDX Talks, 2012) through technology, “hybridisation or genetic engineering” making seeds sterile (Shiva, 2013). Industrial farming is killing the environment and is creating climate change (TEDX Talks, 2012). While eating has ecological, ethical, political, and agricultural implications, we as citizens need to take back our choice in favour of agriculture and nature for better health of society and nature (TEDX Talks, 2012). Nature is not our infinite supplier of “industrial raw material” nor is it a “dumping ground for waste and pollution” (Shiva, 2013).
There are people dying everyday from hunger and farmers who commit suicide due to the current state of agriculture while governments provide subsides to those who are poisoning the soil we grow our food in (TEDX Talks, 2012). Nature is alive and we need to replace what we take from it instead of destroying it (TEDX Talks, 2012). Instead of importing fake hope and fake food that can trick consumers, it will not trick our bodies that crave nutrition (TEDX Talks, 2012). We need to stop the dispersal of seeds that kill nature’s ability to regrow (TEDX Talks, 2012) through technology, “hybridisation or genetic engineering” making seeds sterile (Shiva, 2013). Industrial farming is killing the environment and is creating climate change (TEDX Talks, 2012). While eating has ecological, ethical, political, and agricultural implications, we as citizens need to take back our choice in favour of agriculture and nature for better health of society and nature (TEDX Talks, 2012). Nature is not our infinite supplier of “industrial raw material” nor is it a “dumping ground for waste and pollution” (Shiva, 2013).
“How could we have ever believed that it was a good idea
to grow our food with poisons?” Jane Goodall
to grow our food with poisons?” Jane Goodall
Personal Reflection. I had a memory as I was typing the words “fake food” and it surprised me. Maybe I was ahead of my time with my thinking. When I was young, I called food in the grocery stores fake food. My Mom and I would bake and cook and when we bought a ready-made product in the store, I would call it fake food, ie pie. Over time when I started working it became more convenient to buy ready made products but are we trading our health for convenience? Yes, I believe we are. Unfortunately growing your own food requires knowledge, seeds, good soil, nutrients, water, and patience (Mayer-Smith, 2007). There is nothing wrong with supporting local restaurants and convenience but ensure you are supporting those that are using fresh food, ask questions, do your research.
I recall having a conversation in the hospital with a nutritionist who was going to elementary schools to educate children on where food comes from. He said children do not realize food is grown. They think it magically appears in the grocery store. I remember in elementary school one of our projects was to grow beans. A garden does not have to be big. Every time I see beans since then I remember the green pot with a trellis by the window in the kitchen to catch the early morning sunrise and the green beans that grew on it. It is one the foods I grow each year as it is so easy to grow and so delicious. There is nothing like fresh food off the vine.
I also recall my Dad tilling up a garden for us and growing food when we were young. I can still see him leaning over the crops and picking lettuce for his salad – he loved lettuce, tomatoes and an oil and vinegar dressing my mom made herself. Having someone to learn from is priceless when gardening to help you know what crops to plant with others to deter pests, knowing which love more water than others, what are shade loving, when to fertilize, how deep to plant the seeds, and more. I remember growing broccoli and after a rainstorm it had all sprouted up so fast, it was magical. Nature is very resilient and beautiful.
Now I get seeds from the James McConnell Memorial Library in their free seed library offering and seed and transplants at my local Co-op Farm and Country Store to grow some of my own food. The first time I grew sweet million tomatoes, I wanted lots of delicious cherry size tomatoes, but I didn’t know the plants can grow over six to eight feet tall. I learned quickly to have very tall stakes in my garden since then. The year I grew raspberries was a delicious summertime spent eating them in the garden as they took over the rest of my garden plants. Knowing what to grew where helps but learning is part of the process too.
Solutions. Warhurst (n.d.) suggests propaganda gardening by growing your own food in vegetable tourism to start conversations about food with three plates:
They are building resilience in the community without spending time and money on government strategy documents noting every small action makes a difference (Warhurst, n.d.). When we take personal responsibility in our own health and food production we can do seed swaps along the roadside with herbs, vegetables, and fruit trees (Warhurst, n.d.). Society has lost its connection with growing food to the point they need to read packages to know what food they are looking at (Warhurst, n.d.). Governments can contribute by using spare land they have in surplus for community gardens (Warhurst, n.d.). With the “every egg matters movement”, the motto is “if you eat, you’re in” (Warhurst, n.d.). We can all relate to that motto.
Another way to change our food issues is to change the food on our plates (Chicago Ideas, 2015). We need to learn to rotate our crops to put nutrition back into the soil (Chicago Ideas, 2015). We need to stop clearing our oceans like we clear cut our forests (Chicago Ideas, 2015). Bycatch, that is thrown back into the ocean because it is not at the top of our food chain, could be our supper (Chicago Ideas, 2015). When chefs work with plant varieties, they can create higher yields and provide alternatives to discarding less known or favorable food choices by changing what we eat and how we cook it (Chicago Ideas, 2015).
Akin to changing the food on our plates is Joe Roman’s suggestion to eat the invaders, such as green crabs, periwinkles, and European oysters, that put burdens on natural landscapes of our environment to improve conservation solutions and provide new tastes in our diets (MyNBC5-WPTZ, 2018).
Learning Outcomes. The more time we spend with nature the more we learn to see it, understand it, appreciate it and love it. Children teaming up with elders, such as the Intergenerational Landed Learning on the Farm Project, is a great combination to open the eyes of children to the world around them (Mayer-Smith, 2007). Out of the mouths of children come the most enlightening thoughts and comments from understanding the interconnectedness of nature and other species like bees, how humans are negatively impacting nature, how we need to be more responsible and care for nature (Mayer-Smith, 2007). Dealing with the “passion gap” in education (Maiers & Sandvold, 2013), children can learn gardening “helps you enjoy many things in your life” (Mayer-Smith, 2007). Hands in the soil for me is a personal connection to the earth and enriches my soul. Using experiences through stories, sketches, PowerPoint presentations and documenting what was learned can help others learn too (Mayer-Smith, 2007).
I recall having a conversation in the hospital with a nutritionist who was going to elementary schools to educate children on where food comes from. He said children do not realize food is grown. They think it magically appears in the grocery store. I remember in elementary school one of our projects was to grow beans. A garden does not have to be big. Every time I see beans since then I remember the green pot with a trellis by the window in the kitchen to catch the early morning sunrise and the green beans that grew on it. It is one the foods I grow each year as it is so easy to grow and so delicious. There is nothing like fresh food off the vine.
I also recall my Dad tilling up a garden for us and growing food when we were young. I can still see him leaning over the crops and picking lettuce for his salad – he loved lettuce, tomatoes and an oil and vinegar dressing my mom made herself. Having someone to learn from is priceless when gardening to help you know what crops to plant with others to deter pests, knowing which love more water than others, what are shade loving, when to fertilize, how deep to plant the seeds, and more. I remember growing broccoli and after a rainstorm it had all sprouted up so fast, it was magical. Nature is very resilient and beautiful.
Now I get seeds from the James McConnell Memorial Library in their free seed library offering and seed and transplants at my local Co-op Farm and Country Store to grow some of my own food. The first time I grew sweet million tomatoes, I wanted lots of delicious cherry size tomatoes, but I didn’t know the plants can grow over six to eight feet tall. I learned quickly to have very tall stakes in my garden since then. The year I grew raspberries was a delicious summertime spent eating them in the garden as they took over the rest of my garden plants. Knowing what to grew where helps but learning is part of the process too.
Solutions. Warhurst (n.d.) suggests propaganda gardening by growing your own food in vegetable tourism to start conversations about food with three plates:
- Community Plate - We need to help each other, create green routes and exhibition gardens to change people’s behavior towards growing food in the community plate.
- Learning Plate - Education is part of the learning plate where we can grow food in schools or training centres educating students on agriculture and build future farmers.
- Business Plate - In the business plate we can grow food and sell to our neighbors and community (Warhurst, n.d.). This is an all-inclusive decision and way to bring community together, have positive “public spiritism”, inspire farmers, create purpose for people and create landscapes that are edible, organic, and inexpensive (Warhurst, n.d.).
They are building resilience in the community without spending time and money on government strategy documents noting every small action makes a difference (Warhurst, n.d.). When we take personal responsibility in our own health and food production we can do seed swaps along the roadside with herbs, vegetables, and fruit trees (Warhurst, n.d.). Society has lost its connection with growing food to the point they need to read packages to know what food they are looking at (Warhurst, n.d.). Governments can contribute by using spare land they have in surplus for community gardens (Warhurst, n.d.). With the “every egg matters movement”, the motto is “if you eat, you’re in” (Warhurst, n.d.). We can all relate to that motto.
Another way to change our food issues is to change the food on our plates (Chicago Ideas, 2015). We need to learn to rotate our crops to put nutrition back into the soil (Chicago Ideas, 2015). We need to stop clearing our oceans like we clear cut our forests (Chicago Ideas, 2015). Bycatch, that is thrown back into the ocean because it is not at the top of our food chain, could be our supper (Chicago Ideas, 2015). When chefs work with plant varieties, they can create higher yields and provide alternatives to discarding less known or favorable food choices by changing what we eat and how we cook it (Chicago Ideas, 2015).
Akin to changing the food on our plates is Joe Roman’s suggestion to eat the invaders, such as green crabs, periwinkles, and European oysters, that put burdens on natural landscapes of our environment to improve conservation solutions and provide new tastes in our diets (MyNBC5-WPTZ, 2018).
Learning Outcomes. The more time we spend with nature the more we learn to see it, understand it, appreciate it and love it. Children teaming up with elders, such as the Intergenerational Landed Learning on the Farm Project, is a great combination to open the eyes of children to the world around them (Mayer-Smith, 2007). Out of the mouths of children come the most enlightening thoughts and comments from understanding the interconnectedness of nature and other species like bees, how humans are negatively impacting nature, how we need to be more responsible and care for nature (Mayer-Smith, 2007). Dealing with the “passion gap” in education (Maiers & Sandvold, 2013), children can learn gardening “helps you enjoy many things in your life” (Mayer-Smith, 2007). Hands in the soil for me is a personal connection to the earth and enriches my soul. Using experiences through stories, sketches, PowerPoint presentations and documenting what was learned can help others learn too (Mayer-Smith, 2007).
“Look deep into nature, and then
you will understand everything better.” Albert Einstein
you will understand everything better.” Albert Einstein
Taking into account all of the suggestions in the videos and readings noted in the reference section below, I wonder if in the event of British Columbia paying people $500.00 to cut down their fruit trees to deter the bears from coming into the town (Fleming, 2023), did anyone suggest that instead the town plant an orchard for the bears and wildlife in the forest away from the town to solve both issues – human and bear hunger – the bears would stay in the forest to eat in peace and since they are ecosystem engineers (Polegatto, 2020), we need more bears, not less. Since we took their homes through human destruction of their habitat, could we not at least reward the bears for their generosity? We are not alone on this planet, but we are alone in being the species that is destroying the planet through pollution, greed, and destruction.
Global Goals. The United Nations’ concept of food security states it “exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” which is achieved when all four of its mechanisms are present:
Global Goals. The United Nations’ concept of food security states it “exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” which is achieved when all four of its mechanisms are present:
- “Availability of food, i.e., the quantity of food available for a given population;
- Stability of supply, i.e., how reliable the food source is over time;
- Accessibility of food, i.e., the ease with which a population may obtain available food;
- Utilization of food, i.e., the nutritional, cultural and culinary acceptability of the food, as well as the extent to which people have the skills to properly utilize it” (Orrego, 2011).
"Healthy citizens are the greatest asset
any country can have." Winston Churchill
any country can have." Winston Churchill
Instead of seeing a narrowly outdated “definition of food system sustainability, food security, and food sovereignty,”…..Think&EatGreen@School research alliance” have outlined a “flexible concept of food security with six dimensions:
At the centre of food sovereignty is regaining the power of food citizenship in the food system and building upon the connections between citizens and nature with those growing, harvesting, and consuming food (Orrego, 2011).
Solutions. Community Food Security (CFS) Programs provide for accessibility and inclusion and making nutrition and cultural food choices while stimulating social justice, proving resources, supporting community and economies in connection with farmers and businesses for positive food systems (Siddique, n.d.). There are many CFS activities communities can promote for accessibility for all community members:
1. Community Supported Agriculture – connects consumers and growers.
2. Farmers’ Markets – provides space for consumers to purchase from farmers.
3. Community Gardens – where neighbors can meet and grow together.
4. Farm to Cafeteria Initiatives – connects growers with institutions.
5. Community Food Assessments – process to examine food related matters.
6. Food Policy Councils and Related Initiatives – stakeholders advising government on policies regarding “agriculture, food distribution, hunger and nutrition”.
7. Community Economic Development – projects to help food-related small businesses.
8. Youth Programs – apprenticeship, leadership, volunteer, and community building for youth (Siddique, n.d.).
In my community we have a several places to find sustainable sources of inspiration.
Conclusion. Eat for ease not dis-ease. Take control over your choices for your food sources, food products, food locations. By growing you own food or supporting local farmers, you are supporting your own health and future generations. Say “NO” to fake food. We can grow better; we can eat better. Considering an unspoken law of farmers: “land that is in human hands must be lovingly used” (Mayer-Smith et al, 2007), I commend farmers for supporting nature which in turn can support us. We need to be interconnected with nature by support it instead of destroying it.
Do we want to purchase food at increasing prices with an illusion of choice or do we want to education ourselves on food best to grow in our climate, support our farmers and help feed our families, have a kinder world, and lovingly spend time with nature? We need more farmers who lovingly use the land to support nature, not more corporations that wish to control what we eat. We need to return to a state of oikos and experience oikonomia by “making peace with the earth” and recognizing earth’s rights (Shiva, 2013).
- Affordability
- Availability
- Accessibility
- Appropriateness (nutritionally, culturally, and morally)
- Safety, and
- environmental Sustainability (AAAASS)” (Orrego, 2011).
At the centre of food sovereignty is regaining the power of food citizenship in the food system and building upon the connections between citizens and nature with those growing, harvesting, and consuming food (Orrego, 2011).
Solutions. Community Food Security (CFS) Programs provide for accessibility and inclusion and making nutrition and cultural food choices while stimulating social justice, proving resources, supporting community and economies in connection with farmers and businesses for positive food systems (Siddique, n.d.). There are many CFS activities communities can promote for accessibility for all community members:
1. Community Supported Agriculture – connects consumers and growers.
2. Farmers’ Markets – provides space for consumers to purchase from farmers.
3. Community Gardens – where neighbors can meet and grow together.
4. Farm to Cafeteria Initiatives – connects growers with institutions.
5. Community Food Assessments – process to examine food related matters.
6. Food Policy Councils and Related Initiatives – stakeholders advising government on policies regarding “agriculture, food distribution, hunger and nutrition”.
7. Community Economic Development – projects to help food-related small businesses.
8. Youth Programs – apprenticeship, leadership, volunteer, and community building for youth (Siddique, n.d.).
In my community we have a several places to find sustainable sources of inspiration.
- Cape Breton Farmers' Market - I enjoy attending and finding fresh produce, local honey and crafter's sustainable products.
- Cape Breton Regional Library has a community garden in the summer to help people become aware of growing food and supplying food to the community.
- Two Rivers Wildlife Park had a potato growing garden for youth to volunteer to learn and grow. They also have a corn maze, sunflower field, pumpkin patch and do summer planting activities with youth.
Conclusion. Eat for ease not dis-ease. Take control over your choices for your food sources, food products, food locations. By growing you own food or supporting local farmers, you are supporting your own health and future generations. Say “NO” to fake food. We can grow better; we can eat better. Considering an unspoken law of farmers: “land that is in human hands must be lovingly used” (Mayer-Smith et al, 2007), I commend farmers for supporting nature which in turn can support us. We need to be interconnected with nature by support it instead of destroying it.
Do we want to purchase food at increasing prices with an illusion of choice or do we want to education ourselves on food best to grow in our climate, support our farmers and help feed our families, have a kinder world, and lovingly spend time with nature? We need more farmers who lovingly use the land to support nature, not more corporations that wish to control what we eat. We need to return to a state of oikos and experience oikonomia by “making peace with the earth” and recognizing earth’s rights (Shiva, 2013).
“The greatest danger to our future
is apathy.” Jane Goodall
is apathy.” Jane Goodall
Sweet million tomatoes in my summer garden.
Further Resources
Cape Breton Regional Library - Seed Catalogue
Deep Dive Into The Ocean Ecosystem With The Giants. Module 5: Ocean-Air-Land Interconnectedness
Eat the Invaders - Fighting Invasive Species - One Bite At A Time
Deep Dive Into The Ocean Ecosystem With The Giants. Module 5: Ocean-Air-Land Interconnectedness
Eat the Invaders - Fighting Invasive Species - One Bite At A Time
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References
Chicago Ideas. (2015, January 28). Dan Barber: The third plate. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-uR69bJ8Lg
Farmers’ Markets of Nova Scotia. (n.d.). Cape Breton Farmers’ market. Farmers’ Markets of Nova Scotia. https://farmersmarketsnovascotia.ca/cape-breton-farmers-market/
Fleming, K. (2023, August 21). Canmore paying residents to remove fruit trees to help reduce bear encounters. CTV News Calgary. https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/canmore-paying-residents-to-remove-fruit-trees-to-help-reduce-bear-encounters-1.6528309
Goodreads. (n.d.). A quote by Albert Einstein. Goodreads. https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/32930-look-deep-into-nature-and-then-you-will-understand-everything
Harris, K. (2017, October 16). 18 quotes on food and health to make you think. Treehugger. https://www.treehugger.com/quotes-on-food-and-health-that-will-make-you-think-4868766
Help us plant our community garden. Cape Breton Regional Library. (n.d.). https://cbrl.ca/events/help-us-plant-our-community-garden/
Maiers, A., & Sandvold, A. (2013). Achievement gap or passion gap (Chapter 1). In The passion-driven classroom: A framework for teaching and learning. New York: Routledge.
Mayer-Smith, J., Bartosh, O., & Peterat, L. (2007). Teaming Children and Elders to Grow Food and Environmental Consciousness. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 6(1), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/15330150701319529
MyNBC5-WPTZ. (2018, May 1). Students learn how to “eat the invaders.” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSFk0e360go
Orrego, E., Mansfield, B., Chapman, G. E., Harlap, Y., Rojas, A., & Valley, W. (2011). Toward Food System Sustainability through School Food System Change: Think&EatGreen@School and the Making of a Community-University Research Alliance. Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland), 3(5), 763–788. https://doi.org/10.3390/su3050763
Peer-reviewed research. Think&EatGreen@School. (2018, May 27). https://thinkeatgreen.ca/research-publications/published-research/
Polegatto, M. L. (2020). Module 5: Ocean-air-land interconnectedness. Adobe Creative Cloud Express. https://express.adobe.com/page/ygFxCa4UDGevB/
Shiva, V. (2013). Making peace with the earth. Pluto Press.
Siddique, S. (n.d.). What is Community Food Security?. Food Security.
https://foodsecurity.org/views_cfs_faq/
TEDX Talks. (2012, September 25). TEDxMasala - Dr Vandana Shiva - solutions to the food
and ecological crisis facing us today. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ER5ZZk5atlE
The Illusion of Choice. Good Stuff. (n.d.). https://www.jamesgood.co.uk/blog/illusion-choice
Two Rivers Wildlife Park. (n.d.). Location. tworivers. https://www.tworiverspark.ca/location
University of British Columbia. (2023, December 15). Home. Intergenerational Landed Learning Project. https://landedlearning.educ.ubc.ca/
Warhurst, P. (n.d.). How we can eat our landscapes. Pam Warhurst: How we can eat our landscapes | TED Talk. https://www.ted.com/talks/pam_warhurst_how_we_can_eat_our_landscapes
Farmers’ Markets of Nova Scotia. (n.d.). Cape Breton Farmers’ market. Farmers’ Markets of Nova Scotia. https://farmersmarketsnovascotia.ca/cape-breton-farmers-market/
Fleming, K. (2023, August 21). Canmore paying residents to remove fruit trees to help reduce bear encounters. CTV News Calgary. https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/canmore-paying-residents-to-remove-fruit-trees-to-help-reduce-bear-encounters-1.6528309
Goodreads. (n.d.). A quote by Albert Einstein. Goodreads. https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/32930-look-deep-into-nature-and-then-you-will-understand-everything
Harris, K. (2017, October 16). 18 quotes on food and health to make you think. Treehugger. https://www.treehugger.com/quotes-on-food-and-health-that-will-make-you-think-4868766
Help us plant our community garden. Cape Breton Regional Library. (n.d.). https://cbrl.ca/events/help-us-plant-our-community-garden/
Maiers, A., & Sandvold, A. (2013). Achievement gap or passion gap (Chapter 1). In The passion-driven classroom: A framework for teaching and learning. New York: Routledge.
Mayer-Smith, J., Bartosh, O., & Peterat, L. (2007). Teaming Children and Elders to Grow Food and Environmental Consciousness. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 6(1), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/15330150701319529
MyNBC5-WPTZ. (2018, May 1). Students learn how to “eat the invaders.” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSFk0e360go
Orrego, E., Mansfield, B., Chapman, G. E., Harlap, Y., Rojas, A., & Valley, W. (2011). Toward Food System Sustainability through School Food System Change: Think&EatGreen@School and the Making of a Community-University Research Alliance. Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland), 3(5), 763–788. https://doi.org/10.3390/su3050763
Peer-reviewed research. Think&EatGreen@School. (2018, May 27). https://thinkeatgreen.ca/research-publications/published-research/
Polegatto, M. L. (2020). Module 5: Ocean-air-land interconnectedness. Adobe Creative Cloud Express. https://express.adobe.com/page/ygFxCa4UDGevB/
Shiva, V. (2013). Making peace with the earth. Pluto Press.
Siddique, S. (n.d.). What is Community Food Security?. Food Security.
https://foodsecurity.org/views_cfs_faq/
TEDX Talks. (2012, September 25). TEDxMasala - Dr Vandana Shiva - solutions to the food
and ecological crisis facing us today. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ER5ZZk5atlE
The Illusion of Choice. Good Stuff. (n.d.). https://www.jamesgood.co.uk/blog/illusion-choice
Two Rivers Wildlife Park. (n.d.). Location. tworivers. https://www.tworiverspark.ca/location
University of British Columbia. (2023, December 15). Home. Intergenerational Landed Learning Project. https://landedlearning.educ.ubc.ca/
Warhurst, P. (n.d.). How we can eat our landscapes. Pam Warhurst: How we can eat our landscapes | TED Talk. https://www.ted.com/talks/pam_warhurst_how_we_can_eat_our_landscapes
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